The phenomenon that occurs when a microphone captures an increase in low frequencies as it gets closer to a sound source is known as the proximity effect. This effect is primarily associated with directional microphones, like cardioid and supercardioid models, which are designed to pick up sound from a specific direction while minimizing sounds from other directions.
As the microphone is brought closer to the sound source, it emphasizes the low-frequency components of the audio signal, creating a richer and fuller sound. This can be particularly desirable in vocal recordings, where it enhances warmth and presence.
The proximity effect is important for audio engineers and sound designers to understand, as it allows them to control the balance of frequencies in their recordings effectually. By adjusting the distance between the microphone and sound source, one can manipulate the tonal quality of the capture, which is impactful in various recording scenarios.